虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)

刘本刚 2005年10月21日

1).概念

虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测, 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。

2).在条件句中的应用

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

一、虚拟条件句

条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。

1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：

If 主语＋动词过去式/ were，主语＋would（could, should, 或might）＋动词原形，例如：

If I were you, I would study hard.

If it rained, I would not be here now.

2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：

If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋would（could, should, 或might）＋have＋过去分词，如：

If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have been saved.

If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.

3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：

If 主语+动词过去式/should+动词原形/were to do，主语＋would（could…）＋ 动词原形，例如：

If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.

If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.

注：虚拟条件句中如果含有were, should或had(助动词),可将were, should 或had提前，把if去掉，实行倒装。但要注意，在这种情况下句首不用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说Were I not to do,而不能说Weren’t I to go.

二、动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1. 用wish表示对现在情况的虚拟，其句子结构为：

宾语从句的谓语如果是系动词一律用were ，如果是实义动词就用过去式。如：

I wish they were at home this time.

I wish I were a bird.

2． 用wish表示对过去事情的虚拟。其句子结构为：

宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，例：

I wish I hadn’t hurt him so much。

有时对过去进行虚拟也可在宾语从句中采用would / could have done 的结构。

I wish I would have seen her last night.

3． 用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。其句子结构为：

宾语从句的谓语为would+动词原形, 有时也用could/might+动词原形。例：

I wish I would be able to come tomorrow.

三、as if (though)的虚拟

例如：

1. She always talks to me as if she were my sister.

2. He walks slowly as if he had hurt his leg.

3. She talks about it again and again as though she would never end.

四、Would rather的虚拟语气

1. would rather +主语+动词过去式 表示对现在和将来情况的虚拟

2. would rather +主语+had done 表示对过去情况的虚拟

I would rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening.

I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.

五、It is (high/about) time that...

在该句子中我们使用两种形式的虚拟结构即：动词过去式或 should +动词原形，如果用后者则should通常不省略。

It is time that we went home.

It is time that the boy should go to school.

六、If only…的虚拟结构

例如：

If only he were here!

If only I had not been ill last week!

If only I had more money!

If only it would rain tomorrow!

七、坚持、决定、要求、命令等词的虚拟形式（即坚、决、要、命形虚拟）

insist, suggest, advise, recommend,

decide,

ask, demand, require, urge

order, command

在以上这些动词后的宾语从句中应该使用should+动词原形的结构进行虚拟，should可以省略。

She suggested we (should) leave early.

The teacher insisted that the students (should) have a test.

She decided that she (should) not go.

The teacher commanded that he (should) leave the classroom.

注意以下这些形式：

the suggestion/proposal/order/advice that…(should)do

This suggestion is that…(should)do

It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required that…(should)do

It is necessary/important/natural/strange /amazing/surprising that…(should)(但表示惊讶，翻译成“竟然”时一般不省略)do

请辨析：

The white look on his face suggested that he was ill.

The teacher suggested that he start to practice listening.

He insisted that he had not seen the wallet.

He insisted that he not stay here.

八、suppose; but for; otherwise; without等词也可以表示虚拟语气。

e.g. The government issued a new policy to help the jobless, otherwise they would have suffered.

Without the help of tens of thousands of PLA soldiers, many areas would not have been saved from flooding in 1998.

随堂训练：

1、If my lawyer _____________here last Saturday, he ____________me from going.

A. had been, would have prevented

B. had been, would prevent

C. were, would prevent

D. were, would have prevent

2、--“He is a brave man.”

--“Yes, I wish I____________ his courage.”

A．have B．had C．will have D．may have

3、If it ____________rain, the crops would be saved.

A．should B．will C．is going to D．was to

4、He ordered that the medicine _____________by a special plane.

A．was sent B．would be sent C．should send D．be sent

5、If you _____________the medicine, you ____________better now.

A. took, would feel

B. had taken, felt

C. had taken, would feel

D. took, would have felt

6、She is my sister, but she often acts as if she____________my mother.

A．is B．was C．were D．had been

7、I went to bed early last night, but I wish I _____________so.

A．didn’t do B．hadn’t done C．haven’t done D．couldn’t do

8、I’d rather he ______________tomorrow afternoon.

A．will come B．comes C．coming D．came

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